In recent years, several public figures have spoken openly about their diagnosis and the realities of living with bipolar disorder. In 2020, Nigerian actress Chacha Eke Faani revealed how the condition affected her marriage, eventually leading to divorce...READ FULL; FROM THE SOURCE.
More recently, American actor Robert Carradine died by suicide after battling bipolar disorder for over two decades. This development has renewed public interest in understanding the condition; what it is, what causes it, and whether it can be treated.
Studies estimate that bipolar disorder affects more than 30 million people worldwide, with the average age of onset around 25.
Although the condition has long been considered to affect men and women at similar rates, a 2021 study found a higher proportion of diagnoses among women.
The research also showed that women are more likely to experience rapid mood shifts, prolonged depressive episodes, and higher rates of suicide attempts.
The World Health Organisation further states that bipolar disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, as it can significantly affect multiple areas of a person’s life.
So, what exactly is bipolar disorder? Here is what you need to know.
WHAT IS BIPOLAR DISORDER?
Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a chronic mental health condition characterised by extreme mood swings that alternate between emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).
Depressive episodes are marked by persistent sadness, feelings of hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities. In contrast, hypomanic or manic episodes involve unusually elevated energy levels, overactivity, excitement, and sometimes euphoria.
However, hypomanic symptoms are less severe than manic episodes and do not typically impair a person’s ability to function to the same extent.
These mood shifts go beyond normal emotional changes and can significantly disrupt a person’s work, relationships, daily functioning, judgment, behaviour, and ability to think clearly.
ARE THERE TYPES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER?
Yes. There are two main types of bipolar disorder, classified based on the pattern and severity of manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes. They include:
Bipolar type I disorder: This type is characterised by at least one manic episode interspaced with episodes of depression which usually become more common over time (compared with manic episodes).
Bipolar type II disorder: This type involves at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, with no history of full manic episodes.
WHAT IS THE EXACT CAUSE OF BIPOLAR DISORDER?
The exact cause of bipolar disorder remains unknown. However, research suggests that a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors may contribute to its development, progression, and outcomes.
WHO states that adverse or life-altering events can trigger or worsen symptoms. These may include bereavement, exposure to violence, traumatic experiences, or the breakdown of a relationship.
Substance use, including alcohol and recreational drugs, can also influence the onset and course of the condition, particularly in individuals who are already vulnerable.
Genetics
Studies show that bipolar disorder is more common among people who have a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with the condition. Research estimates the risk to be between 9% and 15% for those with an affected close family member.
Biological Differences
Research has found that people with bipolar disorder may have structural and functional differences in certain areas of the brain. Some studies suggest that repeated manic episodes may affect parts of the brain over time, particularly areas linked to decision-making and emotional regulation.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER?
Symptoms of bipolar disorder generally fall into two categories: manic or hypomanic and depressive. They can differ from person to person and may change over time.
The timing of symptoms can also vary:
Mixed episodes: When symptoms of mania/hypomania and depression occur at the same time.
Rapid cycling: When a person experiences four or more mood episodes (mania, hypomania, or depression) within a year.
Manic or Hypomanic Symptoms
Extremely high self-esteem or inflated sense of self-worth
Increased energy or restlessness
Feeling unusually euphoric or overly confident
Needing much less sleep than usual
Rapid speech and quickly jumping between ideas
Difficulty concentrating or easily distracted
Reckless or risky behaviors, such as overspending, unsafe sexual activity, substance use, or self-harm
Strongly held false beliefs, like thinking you are exceptionally important or that others are out to get you
Depressive Symptoms
Persistent feelings of guilt or low self-worth
Hopelessness about the future
Thoughts of death or suicide
Changes in sleep patterns
Changes in appetite or weight
Low energy or constant fatigue
Difficulty thinking clearly, concentrating, or making decisions
Psychomotor changes, such as restlessness or moving and speaking more slowly than usual
Depressed mood, including sadness, emptiness, or tearfulness
CAN BIPOLAR DISORDER BE CURED?
Bipolar disorder cannot be permanently cured, but it can be effectively treated and managed. With the right combination of treatments and support, people with the condition can lead productive and fulfilling lives.
Medication
This is often the foundation of treatment, helping to stabilize mood and reduce the frequency of episodes. Common options include:
Mood stabilisers such as lithium, valproate) and antipsychotics are proven to help manage acute mania.
Antipsychotic medications for acute mania or severe mood swings
Antidepressants (used cautiously and usually alongside mood stabilisers)
Psychological interventions
Therapies can help manage symptoms, reduce the risk of relapse, and improve coping skills:
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Psychoeducation to understand the disorder and manage triggers
Lifestyle Management
Regular sleep patterns
Stress reduction
Avoiding alcohol and drug use
Routine exercise
Consistency in daily routines can significantly reduce mood episodes
There should also be support from family, friends, peer groups, and mental health advocates is also crucial. It can help reduce isolation, stigma, and feelings of loneliness often experienced by people with bipolar disorder.
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